The Commission for Social Development 36th session took place 10-20
February, 1998. The following report was adopted by the Economic and Social Council.
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Contents
Summary
I. Matters calling for action by the Coouncil or brought to its
attention
A. Draft decisions
B. Resolution and decisions brought to the attention of the Council
II. Follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development
III. Provisional agenda for the 37th session of the Commission
IV. Adoption of the report of the Commission on its 36th session
V. Organization of the session

Chapter I. Matters calling for action by the Coouncil or
brought to its attention
A. Draft decisions
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1. The Commission for Social Development recommends to the Economic and Social Council
the adoption of the following draft decisions:
DRAFT DECISION I
Activities of the Consultative Group for the International Year of Older Persons*
(* For the discussion, see chap. II, paras. 38-39.)
The Economic and Social Council decides:
(a) That the ad hoc informal open-ended support group to assist the Commission for
Social Development in the preparations for the International Year of Older Persons, in
addition to its current activities of promoting awareness and exchange of information on
the preparations for the International Year between States, the United Nations system and
non-governmental organizations, will serve as an informal consultative forum for
discussing national and international proposals and initiatives to help lay the groundwork
for the discussion of the item on the International Year at the thirty-seventh session of
the Commission;
(b) To change the name of the support group to Consultative Group for the International
Year of Older Persons, keeping the informal and open-ended nature of the Group.
DRAFT DECISION II
Report of the Commission for Social Development on its thirty-sixth session and
provisional agenda and documentation for the thirty-seventh session of the Commission
The Economic and Social Council:
(a) Takes note of the report of the Commission for Social Development on its
thirty-sixth session and endorses the decisions adopted by the Commission;
(b) Approves the provisional agenda and documentation for the thirty- seventh session
of the Commission set out below.
PROVISIONAL AGENDA AND DOCUMENTATION FOR THE THIRTY-SEVENTH SESSION OF THE COMMISSION
FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Election of officers.
2. Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters.
3. Follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development:
The Commission will review progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the
Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and the Programme of Action of the World
Summit for Social Development and consider at each of its sessions issues relating to the
enabling environment for social development, the special situation of Africa and the least
developed countries, enhancement of social development goals in structural adjustment
programmes, the mobilization of domestic and international resources for social
development, and the framework for international, regional and subregional cooperation for
social development.
(a) Priority themes:
(i) Social services for all;
(ii) Initiation of the overall review of the implementation of the outcome of the
Summit;
(b) Review of relevant United Nations plans and programmes of action pertaining to the
situation of social groups.
In accordance with earlier decisions of the Assembly, the Economic and Social Council
and the Commission, the Commission will consider, under item 3 (b) of the agenda of its
thirty-seventh session, issues pertaining to ageing, in particular the International Year
of Older Persons (1999).
The Commission will also have before it the outcome of the Conference of Ministers
Responsible for Youth (Lisbon, 8-12 August 1998).
Documentation
Report of the Secretary-General on social services for all
Report of the Secretary-General on the initiation of the overall review of the
implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development
Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the results of expert workshop(s)
Note by the Secretary-General regarding the International Year of Older Persons and
follow-up arrangements
4. Programme questions and other matters:
(a) Programme performance and implementation;
(b) Proposed programme of work of the Secretariat for the biennium 2000-2001;
(c) United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Documentation
Note by the Secretary-General on the draft proposed programme budget for the biennium
2000-2001
Note by the Secretary-General on the nomination of members of the Board of the United
Nations Research Institute for Social Development
Report of the Board of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
5. Provisional agenda for the thirty-eighth session of the Commission.
6. Adoption of the report of the Commission on its thirty-seventh session.
B. Resolution and decisions brought to the attention of the Council
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2. The following resolution and decisions adopted by the Commission for Social
Development are brought to the attention of the Economic and Social Council:
Resolution 36/1. Promoting social integration and participation of all people,
including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and persons*
(* For the discussion, see chap. II, paras. 29-31.)
The Commission for Social Development,
Having considered the priority theme for 1998, "Promoting social integration and
participation of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and
persons",
1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on promoting social integration
and participation of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and
persons; 1/
2. Decides to adopt the following agreed conclusions and to transmit them to the
Economic and Social Council for its consideration at its substantive session of 1998 and
appropriate follow-up action;
3. Also decides to transmit the agreed conclusions to the Preparatory Committee for the
special session of the General Assembly in 2000 for an overall review and appraisal of the
implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development including its
organizational session (19-22 May 1998), as well as to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs
acting in the capacity of the preparatory body for the special session of the Assembly
devoted to the fight against the illicit production, sale, demand, traffic and
distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and related activities, at its
second session from 16 to 20 March 1998.
AGREED CONCLUSIONS ON PROMOTING SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND PARTICIPATION OF ALL PEOPLE,
INCLUDING DISADVANTAGED AND VULNERABLE GROUPS AND PERSONS
1. Social integration is best promoted in close harmony with efforts to expand
productive employment and eradicate poverty, given their mutually reinforcing
interrelationships.
2. The primary responsibility for promoting social integration rests with national
Governments. Social development cannot be successfully achieved without the collective
commitment and efforts of the international community. In this context, the international
community should give strong support to the efforts of developing countries to solve their
serious social and economic problems. In pursuit of this, the participation of all
countries, particularly developing countries, in international economic decision-making
should be broadened and strengthened.
3. Globalization of the world economy presents opportunities and challenges for the
development process as well as risks and uncertainties. As a result of the process of
globalization and growing interdependence in the economic, social and environmental
fields, an increasing number of issues cannot be effectively addressed by countries
individually. Therefore, international cooperation is required. Furthermore, non-State
actors with a global reach, such as transnational corporations, private financial
institutions and non-governmental organizations, have important roles to play in the
emerging network of international cooperation.
4. Global cooperation and partnership must be on the basis of sovereign equality, and
mutual respect and benefit. They must consider the gap between the level of development of
different countries and the need to narrow the gap between developed and developing
countries. In accordance with the commitment made at the World Summit for Social
Development, the need remains for countries to fulfil commitments undertaken to official
development assistance (ODA) and to provide additional resources and to enhance resource
flows from both public and private sources to developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, to promote their social development programmes.
5. Countries with economies in transition, undergoing fundamental political, economic
and social transformations also require the support of the international community.
6. Where globalization has effects on social integration, such as instability of labour
markets, impoverishment, increased vulnerability and marginalization of individuals and
groups, these effects need to be addressed by positive measures at the local, national,
regional and international levels in order to minimize them and to promote social
development. Efforts also need to be made to ensure that globalization provides
opportunities for all countries, particularly countries in Africa and least developed
countries.
7. Partnerships between Governments, the private sector, and civil society are needed
to promote ethical business practices through, inter alia, voluntary codes of conduct that
will contribute to social integration. Relevant international organizations, such as the
International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the World Bank, are
encouraged to support this process.
8. To ensure that growth-oriented macroeconomic policies build societies that are more
inclusive, attention must be given to mainstreaming social development, including
maximizing the growth of productive employment and promoting social integration.
9. Social development, in particular the eradication of poverty, facilitates the
enjoyment of all human rights by all. Social integration must be pursued by each country
on the basis of respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, cultural and
religious diversity, and the special needs of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups,
democratic participation and the rule of law.
10. Social development requires placing people at the centre of development, based on
the inherent dignity and worth of the human person. It also requires respect for all human
rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development. Social development
facilitates the enjoyment of all human rights. Poverty is a cause of social exclusion.
Effective social development policies at the national level would therefore be
strengthened by a favourable economic environment at the international level.
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11. Social development also requires respect for all the rights and freedoms set forth
in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2/ Everyone is entitled to a social and
international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights can be fully realized.
12. Social development and social integration require comprehensive and holistic
approaches and must deal with the root causes of social exclusion or disempowerment.
13. Social integration also requires investing in social institutions and social
capital, enhancing social networks, building consensus and promoting individual and
organizational capacities, especially of those living in poverty or otherwise
marginalized. Policies for social integration should respect cultural diversity and
prevent exclusion on the basis of culture.
A. Promoting social integration through responsive government, full participation in
society, non-discrimination, tolerance, equality and social justice
14. Governments have a responsibility for creating an environment that encourages
participatory approaches, empowers people and combats all forms of discrimination,
including against women, minorities and disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and persons.
15. The promotion of more responsive government that is representative, transparent and
accountable is an important factor for the enhancement of social integration and social
justice and full participation.
16. Participation is expressed in many forms and practices. It needs to be encouraged
at all levels - national, regional and international. Citizen involvement in community
activities, in local government and at the national level are essential.
17. The empowerment of communities at the local level through, inter alia,
decentralization is an important factor for the promotion of full participation.
Governments are encouraged to empower local communities and local governments and enhance
people's participation in all matters affecting them.
18. Voluntary activities, including by non-governmental organizations and self-help
groups, are an important means of providing and improving service and strengthening
advocacy at local and national levels, and need to be encouraged and recognized, inter
alia, through due consideration of knowledge and skills acquired in these voluntary
activities.
19. To build more inclusive societies, the elaboration of policy that promotes social
development and social inclusion needs to be strengthened by creating mechanisms taking
into account the views and perspectives, and involving the participation, of all, in
particular the vulnerable and marginalized.
20. A supportive environment for the formation and development of civil society
organizations at all levels and their active interaction with public institutions
contribute strongly to enhancing participation, bearing in mind its specific national
context.
21. In the context of developing policy instruments and programmes to promote a
"society for all", two considerations should guide actions to promote the
participation of all individuals and groups - the interdependence of all members of
society, and the lifelong development approach which emphasizes the potential productive
and social contribution of all persons throughout life.
22. In this regard, the International Year of Older Persons in 1999 provides an
opportunity for all actors, on all levels, to take practical steps towards ensuring full
integration and continued participation of older persons, thereby promoting the goal of a
"society for all ages".
23. The family is the basic unit of society and as such should be strengthened. It is
entitled to receive comprehensive protection and support. In different cultural, political
and social systems, various forms of the family exist. The rights, capabilities and
responsibilities of family members must be respected.
24. The family should be helped in its supporting, educating and nurturing roles and in
contributing to social integration, and this help should involve (a) encouraging social
and economic policies that are designed to meet the needs of families and their individual
members, especially the most disadvantaged and vulnerable members, with particular
attention to the care of children; (b) ensuring opportunities for family members to
understand and meet their social responsibilities; (c) promoting mutual respect, tolerance
and cooperation within the family and within society; (d) promoting equal partnership
between women and men in the family.
25. In situations where family structures have been eroded or destroyed, such as cases
of conflict, extreme poverty or natural disaster where family reunification is impossible,
it is important to promote alternative-care provisions, bearing always in mind the best
interests of those needing care.
26. Participation in productive work, in other economic activities and in economic
decision-making through different forms of association, including trade unions and stake
ownership, is essential to social integration and well-being. Important steps to be taken
in this regard include establishing and expanding small and medium-sized enterprises,
expanding the employment potential of the informal sector and enhancing its productivity
and increasing the extent of ownership of shares.
27. Governments should enhance the quality of work and employment by safeguarding and
promoting respect for basic workers' rights, including the prohibition of forced labour
and child labour, freedom of association and the right to organize and bargain
collectively, equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, and
non-discrimination in employment, fully implementing the conventions of ILO in the case of
States parties to those conventions, and taking into account the principles embodied in
those conventions in the case of those countries that are not States parties, to thus
achieve truly sustained economic growth and sustainable development.
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28. Fair, effective and efficient taxation systems are an important instrument to build
more inclusive societies in terms both of their redistributive impact as well as of the
resources that they build in society for, and the stake they create in, services and
social protection systems.
29. The empowerment of women and their active participation are essential to social
integration. Policies and programmes should ensure gender equality through changes in
attitudes and practices, encourage the full participation and empowerment of women in
social, economic and political life, and enhance the gender balance in decision-making
processes at all levels as well as improve access to ownership of resources and to
positions of responsibility. Discriminatory attitudes and stereotyping must be actively
combated. In this context, policies and programmes to enable women and men to combine
working life and family life are essential.
30. Education is at the heart of participation and a powerful force for social
integration. Equal access to quality education and training for all are essential to
enhance lifelong education. Education should also promote tolerance, understanding of and
respect for cultural diversity, and solidarity.
31. Information is not only a commodity. Access to information is essential for full
participation in all spheres of life, including the global economy. Polices should be
formulated to promote new, cost-effective, inclusive and participatory approaches in the
production, dissemination and use of information. To avoid the widening of the gap between
the information-rich and information-poor, particularly the gap between developed and
developing countries, strategies must be developed to prioritize and promote adequate
investment, including access to technology in order to provide equal opportunity for all.
In this context, measures should be taken to promote access by developing countries to the
new information superhighway.
32. The media provide the vehicles for the exercise of freedom of opinion and
expression, and need to be responsive to the many requirements of all individuals. Access
to media by all, particularly the disadvantaged and marginalized, is essential for
enhanced participation in all spheres of life. Broad-based, free, pluralistic media that
are aware of their responsibilities to society and that can preserve and accommodate
diversity and plurality of views and perspectives are essential to the building of
inclusive societies. This is as true within countries as in the international community at
large.
33. In the effort to promote the mainstreaming of social development objectives at the
local, national, regional and international levels, Governments, the private sector and
civil society are encouraged to consider the impact of their actions on social integration
and social development through, inter alia, social impact analyses, social audits and
monitoring assessments.
34. Bilateral and multilateral assistance and technical cooperation should be based on
the participatory principle and should be country-driven. Policy dialogue between
development partners should be held on the basis of mutual respect.
35. In the context of globalization, the United Nations system and the international
community, particularly the international financial institutions, need to consider further
the social consequences of their policies and programmes.
36. The collaboration and contribution of the regional commissions are important for
the implementation of the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development.
3/ The regional commissions, within their mandates, are invited to convene regional review
meetings in preparation for the global review of the follow-up to the World Summit for
Social Development at the special session of the General Assembly in the year 2000.
37. Governments are encouraged to provide to the Commission for Social Development on
voluntary basis information about specific participatory methods and initiatives at
different levels. The Secretary-General is requested to make this information widely
available to enable the Commission to consider periodically the lessons learned.
B. Enhancing social protection, reducing vulnerability and enhancing employment
opportunities for groups with specific needs
38. Policies that address vulnerability must be based on a proper understanding of the
risk of poverty and social exclusion. Their aim should not be limited to providing social
protection but should enable people to move out of poverty.
39. Social development policies and programmes must create an enabling environment for
vulnerable, disadvantaged and marginalized groups, especially the poor, by incorporating
their needs and interests, ensuring equal access and opportunities, and enable them to
play a useful role in society, thereby contributing to the national development process.
40. The experiences of poor and marginalized people drawn through participatory
techniques should serve as an input to improve the effectiveness of policies and
programmes addressing the interest of these groups.
41. Enhancing social protection requires food security, adequate primary health care,
access to clean water, sanitation and shelter, education, access to resources such as
land, credit facilities and opportunities for involvement, particularly for vulnerable,
disadvantaged and marginalized groups, in community life.
42. Where formal social protection systems exist or are possible, these should play an
important role in countering vulnerability and promoting employability. They should be
extended, strengthened and targeted to the extent necessary to meet adequately the needs
of vulnerable, disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Where necessary, they should be
modernized and reformed to meet changing conditions. All Governments should, within their
capacity and capability, establish or strengthen social safety nets for those in need of
support and care.
43. Solidarity-based social protection arrangements play an important role in
countering vulnerability and promoting employability. They should be encouraged by
Governments. Social safety nets for all people are an essential component of
solidarity-based social protection arrangements.
44. It is important to continue to establish and strengthen partnerships to enable
civil society and the private sector to cooperate with Governments on policies and
programmes to reduce vulnerability.
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45. Policies to reduce vulnerability should aim to strengthen networks and
organizations in the community, including the family, recognizing the essential support
that they can provide.
46. The international community should assist developing countries, upon request, in
building their capacity to develop and implement policies and programmes aimed at removing
the obstacles confronting all vulnerable and marginalized groups and facilitating their
greater access to society in all of its aspects.
47. Strategies and policies to address vulnerability should lead to the implementation
of programmes that take into account the particular conditions of vulnerability in rural
and urban areas.
48. Efforts at raising public awareness and sensitizing the public towards improved
access and participation of vulnerable persons and groups should be initiated or
strengthened, with the aim of building more cohesive societies.
49. Expansion of productive employment is an essential means to eradicate poverty which
is one of the major causes of social exclusion in all countries. Strategies should be
developed, taking into account the special needs and skills of various groups, to expand
opportunities for productive employment and small income-generating schemes.
50. The effectiveness and relevance of microcredit programmes as a viable tool for
poverty eradication, generation of productive employment and sustainable livelihoods and
empowerment of women and other marginalized groups are well recognized. Microcredit
programmes should therefore be promoted actively at the national level for the empowerment
of the poor and marginalized groups and for their integration in the mainstream economic
and political process of society. In this context, the support of the international
community is essential.
51. Governments should take measures, in collaboration, when appropriate, with
employers and trade unions, to eliminate discrimination in employment against vulnerable,
disadvantaged and marginalized groups and persons. Policies must address the special needs
of groups that are the most vulnerable in the labour market, and promote opportunities to
develop and gain new skills. Labour policies need to be particularly sensitive to their
needs, including provision for equal remuneration, flexible working hours, adequate
protection of part-time workers and access to information and training, and involvement in
trade unions.
52. In countries where unemployment among young people is high, redoubled efforts are
required to expand meaningful employment opportunities for them.
53. Attention should be given to reconciling professional activity and family
responsibilities, for both men and women, inter alia, through affordable childcare, family
support and appropriate flexible working arrangements.
54. Recognition needs to be formally given to unpaid work that is socially useful and
to voluntary activities so as to raise awareness of the importance of these activities, in
particular in the context of reducing vulnerability and dealing with its consequences.
Work on appropriate methodologies to this end needs to be strengthened.
55. In countries where the informal sector in the economy is important, measures that
promote an environment conducive for its appropriate development are critical. The
establishment of self-generating employment, self-help schemes and productive and
sustainable livelihoods, and the development of cooperatives and small-sized enterprises
and access to microcredit, particularly to improve access of the vulnerable, disadvantaged
and marginalized groups in order to make them more self-sufficient, should be encouraged
and promoted.
56. The elimination of child labour should be achieved as part of a larger programme in
which society provides alternative assistance or economic opportunity; ILO, in close
cooperation with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other United Nations
organizations, supports national efforts to eliminate child labour. Continued financial
support from the donor community for the ILO International Programme on the Elimination of
Child Labour (IPEC) is particularly important; ILO should pursue its normative work on
child labour by promoting the ratification and implementation of its Convention No. 138
concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment (Minimum Age Convention, 1973); 4/
Governments should support ILO work on the drafting of a new ILO convention on the
elimination of the most intolerable forms of child labour.
57. Early childhood education, both formal and informal, is a tool for reducing
vulnerability and promoting social integration by providing all children with the basic
skills that will give them a firm foundation for further learning. Provision of
nutritional supplements, immunization and primary health care to all children, at both
pre-school and primary school levels, is necessary for giving them a better start in life.
58. Particular attention needs to be given to the acquisition by all of the basic
skills of literacy, verbal ability and numeracy and to equipping all people to adapt to
technological, economic and social changes. Their access to lifelong learning is important
with respect to maintaining and upgrading their employability.
59. General education at all levels, starting from pre-school education, should
contribute to mutual understanding, tolerance and skills of intercultural communication.
60. Equal educational opportunities at all levels for persons with disabilities should
be ensured.
61. Government at all levels should take appropriate actions to reduce the drop-out
rates from school, using a holistic gender-sensitive approach to causes and solutions.
62. Cultural activities, sports and community service are among the activities that
integrate all people into society and should therefore be encouraged and promoted.
63. The regional commissions are invited, within their mandates, to further study
issues relating to vulnerability, including its relationship to discrimination against
vulnerable, disadvantaged and marginalized groups.
C. Violence, crime and the problems of illicit drugs and substance abuse as factors of
social disintegration
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64. Violence, crime and illicit drugs and substance abuse problems pose serious
challenges to the social structure of all societies and need to be addressed by specific
policies and programmes for their prevention and elimination. These policies and
programmes must be tackled as part of an integrated strategy for social and economic
development that includes appropriate measures for dealing with these problems but that,
equally, seeks to understand and address the causes of such phenomena.
65. Women are particularly vulnerable to acts of violence including all forms of sexual
harassment and exploitation. Violence against women both violates and impairs or nullifies
their enjoyment of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. Violence in all its forms,
including domestic violence against women, children, older persons, migrants and other
minorities, and persons with disabilities, hinders development and prevents the full
enjoyment of their human rights and the achievement of equality.
66. Poor people, among them - and particularly - women and children, are often the most
vulnerable to all forms of violence and abuse, including domestic violence, trafficking
for labour and sexual purposes, crime and civil conflicts. Systems of justice, law
enforcement and government service and assistance to the victims should be managed in a
way that makes them, in practice, fully available to all.
67. Women and men are affected differently by drug abuse. International as well as
national strategies that target the abuse of licit as well as illicit drugs must integrate
a gender perspective. Participation of women in the planning and implementation of drug
abuse prevention programmes is the key to ensuring that issues specific to women can be
addressed adequately. There is a need for more gender-disaggregated data and research
concerning gender-related differences in drug-taking. Treatment and rehabilitation centres
for drug addicts must be available for men and women on a non-discriminatory basis.
68. Developments in communication, transportation and technology have globalized
violence, crime and the illicit drugs problem.
69. While the primary responsibility for crime prevention and criminal justice rests at
the national level, violence, crime and illicit drugs activities are of such magnitude and
also have such major transnational dimensions that they require international cooperation
and coordination in respect of formulating and implementing effective responses.
70. That the developing countries especially face a serious challenge, inasmuch as they
must also confront lack of resources, illiteracy, unemployment and underemployment, and
deteriorating economies, makes all forms of international assistance imperative. The need
for assistance to alleviate burdens placed on their national administration, in supporting
the international legal framework and cooperation in the application of law, should also
be underlined. Technical support should also be extended to facilitate the effective
implementation of legal instruments.
71. The main responsibility rests at the national level, and involves countering the
disintegration of social structures, which previously may have discouraged an individual
from turning to drug abuse, trafficking or illicit cultivation and production. Promoting a
cohesive social structure, while supporting opportunities to access lawful sources of
employment and income, can contribute to the quality of the individual's living
environment and may be the best guarantee against his or her turning to drug abuse and/or
drug trafficking. International cooperation has a key role to play in complementing
national efforts.
72. As the problem of illicit drugs is multifaceted, all strategies aimed at combating
this scourge must be based on a comprehensive and balanced approach that includes all
aspects of the problem, with a view to strengthening international cooperation in
addressing it within the framework of the United Nations Convention against Illicit
Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 5/ and other relevant
conventions and international instruments. The vast financial and human resources
available to the illicit drugs trade, in many cases exceeding the resources of national
Governments, have made international cooperation and coordination imperative for an
effective anti-drugs strategy. The affected countries should be extended all possible
assistance, including technical assistance, to enhance the capacities of all agencies
engaged in combating illicit drugs.
73. The application of the principle of shared responsibility is key to the overall
efforts to address the issue of international drug control.
74. Integrated alternative development is an important component of any approach to
solving the narcotic drugs problem, including the problem of the cultivation of illicit
crops. It must be promoted through participatory social and economic development measures
in affected countries, inter alia, through crop substitution and, when necessary,
supported by law enforcement efforts.
75. Drug abuse by young people is on the increase in many parts of the world and the
situation is particularly critical among the young who are socially disadvantaged. Stable,
supportive family life can provide a vital shield against drug abuse, particularly among
minors. However, youth groups can also be engaged as active agents in the field of
prevention of drug abuse. Youth culture can be a valuable tool for awareness-raising. All
information technologies, including the Internet, should be used in order to spread
information about the negative consequences of drug abuse and on how to seek help.
76. Education is an important mechanism in the prevention of drug abuse by children and
youth. Schools should be encouraged to implement curricula that provide information on the
dangers of drug abuse and addiction, and to provide appropriate textbooks. Schools should
also provide counselling for students and parents, and teachers should receive training to
prepare them for this role. After-school activities, such as cultural events and sports,
should be available to fill excess leisure time and unsupervised time. Special programmes
should be developed for youth outside the formal education system.
77. Youth should be given the opportunity, and encouraged, to express their views and
speak of the problems they face with regard to drug use and addiction, and to participate
in the identification of effective solutions.
78. Relevant training and information as well as assistance to workers who have
problems with drugs and substance abuse are necessary. As part of rehabilitation,
vocational training should be available to drug addicts to help them obtain jobs and to
better integrate into society.
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79. Policies aimed at prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration
should include appropriate training of doctors and social workers dealing with drug
addicts. Knowledge of the immediate and long-term effects of drug use on physical and
mental health as well as on the social life of individuals, along with the distribution of
information about appropriate treatment and specialist organizations, is necessary to
achieve improved prevention and to deal adequately with drug addicts.
80. The key role of the media in ensuring the dissemination of information on the
dangers of drug abuse and addiction should be recognized and promoted.
81. The civil society, including non-governmental organizations and community-based
organizations, is widely recognized as a partner of Governments in the fight against drug
abuse. Those organizations are particularly active in the fields of prevention,
rehabilitation and social integration. In many countries, non-governmental organizations
are the main providers of shelter and counselling to victims of violence. Continued
support of such organizations is encouraged.
82. The role of the relevant United Nations bodies, in particular the United Nations
International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), in the collection of systematic and
gender-disaggregated data as well as in research on the social impact and the root causes
of drug and substance abuse, should be encouraged. These tasks necessitate close
cooperation among relevant organs, funds and programmes of the United Nations system as
well as other relevant institutions. UNDCP has an important role to play in the provision
of technical assistance in the field of demand reduction. In this context, the exchange of
best practices should be encouraged on the subregional, regional and international levels.
83. We welcome the special session of the General Assembly devoted to the fight against
the illicit production, sale, demand, traffic and distribution of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances and related activities in June 1998 and encourage the
international community to ensure a successful outcome.
In this context, participation at a high political level is encouraged. We note with
appreciation the decision already taken by several heads of State or Government to
participate in the special session.
Decision 36/101. Options for the future review and appraisal of the implementation of
the International Plan of Action on Ageing*
(* For the discussion, see chap. II, paras. 40-41.)
The Commission for Social Development, having considered the report of the
Secretary-General on the options for the future review and appraisal of the implementation
of the International Plan of Action on Ageing, 6/ decides:
(a) To take note of the report of the Secretary-General;
(b) To emphasize the importance to the review and appraisal exercise of the improvement
of data collection in the field of ageing;
(c) To stress the need for a more focused and substantially improved method of
monitoring the implementation of the International Plan of Action on Ageing, 7/ which may
involve strengthening, reformulating or changing the current methodology;
(d) To stress the need to introduce a gender perspective into the review and appraisal
process of the Plan of Action;
(e) To take note of the reorganization of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs
of the United Nations Secretariat, and the opportunities for better synergies that it
offers, including making better use of the existing information, expertise, statistical,
research and technical assistance capacities already available to the Department;
(f) To request the Secretary-General to explore ways of using these opportunities in
order to strengthen the United Nations Secretariat's capacity to review the implementation
of the Plan of Action;
(g) To request the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to continue its contact
with the United Nations Development Programme in order to explore, among other
possibilities, the feasibility of an ageing-related development index to be included in
the Human Development Report;
(h) To invite the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to draw up, for further
discussion by the Commission, proposals on developing an Internet database on public
policies and programmes on ageing;
(i) To request the Secretary-General to submit to the Commission at its thirty-seventh
session a report on action taken to implement the present decision and on further possible
options for substantially improving the reliability, validity and practicability of the
current review and appraisal exercise, focusing in particular on priorities identified in
ongoing preparatory discussions for the International Year of Older Persons.
Decision 36/102. Documents considered in connection with the follow-up to the World
Summit for Social Development
The Commission for Social Development takes note of the following documents:
(a) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Expert Workshop on
Participation and Social Justice, held in London from 29 September to 3 October 1997
(E/CN.5/1998/4);
(b) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Expert Workshop on
Ways and Means to Enhance Social Protection and Reduce Vulnerability, United Nations
Headquarters, 10-14 November 1997 (E/CN.5/1998/5).
Notes
1/ E/CN.5/1998/2.
2/ General Assembly resolution 27 A (III).
3/ Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995 (United
Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.8), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.
4/ See International Labour Organization, International Labour Conventions and
Recommendations, vol. II, 1952-1976 (Geneva, International Labour Office, 1996), pp.
525-537.
5/ See Official Records of the United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Convention
against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Vienna, 25
November-20 December 1988, vol. I (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.XI.5).
6/ E/CN.5/1998/3.
7/ Report of the World Assembly on Ageing, Vienna, 26 July to 6 August 1982 (United
Nations publication, Sales No. E.82.I.16), chap. VI, sect. A.

Chapter II. Follow-up to the World Summit for Social
Development
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1. The Commission for Social Development considered item 3 of its agenda (Follow-up to
the World Summit for Social Development: (a) Priority theme: "Promoting social
integration and participation of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups
and persons"; (b) "Review of relevant United Nations plans and programmes of
action pertaining to the situation of social groups") at its 1st to 14th meetings,
from 10 to 13 and 17 to 20 February 1998. The Commission had before it the following
documents:
(a) Report of the Secretary-General on promoting social integration and participation
of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and persons (E/CN.5/1998/2);
(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the options for the future review and appraisal
of the implementation of the International Plan of Action on Ageing (E/CN.5/1998/3);
(c) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Expert Workshop on
Participation and Social Justice (E/CN.5/1998/4);
(d) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Expert Workshop on
Ways and Means to Enhance Social Protection and Reduce Vulnerability (E/CN.5/1998/5);
(e) Letter dated 3 February 1998 from the Permanent Representative of the Dominican
Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Commission for Social
Development transmitting a text entitled "A draft declaration of
interdependence" (E/CN.5/1998/6).
2. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February the temporary Chairman, Mr. Ion Gorita (Romania),
made a statement.
3. At the same meeting, the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs
addressed the Commission.
4. Also at the 1st meeting, an introductory statement was made by the Director of the
Division for Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social
Affairs.
5. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February, the Chairman made the following statement:
"I take it that it is the wish of the Commission that the following documents should
be transmitted to the Preparatory Committee for the special session of the General
Assembly in 2000 for an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of the outcome
of the World Summit for Social Development at its organizational session (19-22 May 1998):
resolution S-1996/1, entitled "Strategies and actions for the eradication of
poverty", 1/ adopted by the Commission for Social Development at its special session
in 1996; and resolution 35/2, entitled "Productive employment and sustainable
livelihoods", 2/ adopted by the Commission at its thirty-fifth session in 1997, by
which the Commission decided to adopt agreed conclusions on productive employment and
sustainable livelihoods."
Promoting social integration through responsive government, full participation in
society, non-discrimination, tolerance, equality and social justice
6. The Commission considered item 3 (a) of its agenda at its 3rd to 6th, 8th to 11th,
13th and 14th meetings, on 11, 12, 17, 18 and 20 February.
7. At the 3rd meeting, on 11 February, statements were made by the representatives of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (on behalf of the States Members
of the United Nations that are members of the European Union and on behalf of Bulgaria,
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and
Slovenia), Indonesia (on behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are
members of the Group of 77), the United States of America, China, the Dominican Republic,
Jamaica, Norway, Venezuela, Nepal and the Netherlands.
8. At the same meeting, the observer for Algeria made a statement.
9. Also at the 3rd meeting, the observers for the World Bank and the International
Labour Organization made statements.
10. At the same meeting, the observer for the Business Association for the World Summit
for Social Development, a non-governmental organization, made a statement.
11. At the 4th meeting, on 11 February, statements were made by the representatives of
El Salvador, Canada and the Republic of Korea.
12. The observer for the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean made a
statement.
13. Statements were made by the observers for the Foundation for the Rights of the
Family (PRODEFA), the International Federation of Settlements and Neighbourhood Centres,
Mani Tese '76 and the Women's Environment and Development Organization, non-governmental
organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.
14. At the 5th meeting, on 12 February, statements were made by the representatives of
France, Romania and Chile.
15. At the same meeting, the observer for the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization made a statement.
16. Also at the 5th meeting, a statement was made by the observer for the Gray
Panthers, a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and
Social Council.
17. At the 6th meeting, on 12 February, statements were made by the representatives of
Egypt, Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Philippines,
Pakistan, Peru, Guatemala and India.
18. Statements were made by the observers for the following non-governmental
organizations: International Movement ATD Fourth World, Franciscans International, the
International Federation on Ageing, the World Veterans Federation, New Humanity, the World
Movement of Mothers, Gran Fraternidad Universal and the Commission of the Churches on
International Affairs of the World Council of Churches.
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19. At the 9th meeting, on 17 February, statements were made by the representatives of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (on behalf of the States Members
of the United Nations that are members of the European Union and on behalf of Bulgaria,
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and
Slovenia), Indonesia (on behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are
members of the Group of 77), China, Cuba, Belarus, Jamaica and Gabon.
20. At the same meeting, statements were also made by the observers for Kazakhstan and
Iraq.
21. Also at the 9th meeting, the observer for Switzerland made a statement.
22. At the same meeting, statements were made by the observers for the World Bank and
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
23. At the 9th meeting, statements were also made by the observers for the Movement for
a Better World and Rehabilitation International, non-governmental organizations in
consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.
24. At the 10th meeting, on 18 February, statements were made by the representatives of
Mexico, Malta, South Africa, Finland, India, Norway, the United States of America, Canada
and Mongolia.
25. At the same meeting, Mr. Pino Arlacchi, Executive Director, Office for Drug Control
and Crime Prevention, made a presentation and entertained a dialogue with members of the
Commission.
26. At the 11th meeting, on 18 February, statements were made by the representatives of
the Philippines, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Russian Federation, Nepal, Argentina
and Chile (on behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR).
27. At the same meeting, the observer for the Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific made a statement.
28. Also at the 11th meeting, the observers for the World Movement of Mothers and the
National Youth Council of Luxembourg, non-governmental organizations, made statements.
Action taken by the Commission
Promoting social integration and participation of all people, including disadvantaged
and vulnerable groups and persons
29. At the 13th meeting, on 20 February, the Commission had before it a draft
resolution (E/CN.5/1998/L.6 and Add.1 and 2) entitled "Promoting social integration
and participation of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and
persons: elements for the agreed conclusions of the Commission", submitted by
Vice-Chairmen Faith Innerarity (Jamaica), Maria Lourdes V. Ramiro Lopez (Philippines) and
Joanna Wronecka (Poland), on the basis of informal consultations. The Commission was
informed of the amendments that had been agreed to during the informal consultations held
on the agreed conclusions.
30. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February, the Commission adopted the agreed conclusions
(see chap. I, sect. B, resolution 36/1).
31. The representatives of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (on
behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the European
Union), the United States of America, the Netherlands, Chile and Indonesia (on behalf of
the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of 77) made
statements.
Review of relevant United Nations plans and programmes of action pertaining to the
situation of social groups
32. The Commission considered item 3 (b) of its agenda at its 7th, 12th and 14th
meetings, on 13, 19 and 20 February.
33. At the 7th meeting, on 13 February, the Director, Division for Social Policy and
Development, made a statement.
34. At the same meeting, Mrs. Julia Tavares de Alvarez (Dominican Republic), in her
capacity as Coordinator of the Consultative Group for the International Year of Older
Persons and also on behalf of Mr. Aurelio Ferna'ndez (Spain) in his capacity as
Coordinator of the Consultative Group, made an oral report on the activities of the
Consultative Group in assisting the Commission for Social Development in the preparations
for the Year (1999).
35. Also at the 7th meeting, statements were made by the representatives of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (on behalf of the States Members of the
United Nations that are members of the European Union as well as Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and
Slovenia), the United States of America, Austria, Spain, China, Guatemala, Finland,
Norway, the Philippines and the Republic of Korea.
36. At the same meeting, the observer for Lithuania also made a statement.
37. At the 7th meeting, statements were also made by the observers for the American
Association of Retired Persons and the International Right to Life Federation,
non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social
Council.
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Action taken by the Commission
Activities of the Consultative Group for the International Year of Older Persons
38. At the 12th meeting, on 19 February, the representative of the Dominican Republic,
on behalf of the two Coordinators of the ad hoc informal open-ended support group to
assist the Commission in the preparations for the International Year of Older Persons,
introduced a draft decision (E/CN.5/1998/L.5) recommending that the Economic and Social
Council, inter alia, change the name of the support group to the Consultative Group for
the International Year of Older Persons.
39. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February, the Commission adopted the draft decision (see
chap. I, sect. A, draft decision I).
Options for the future review and appraisal of the implementation of the International
Plan of Action on Ageing
40. At the 12th meeting, on 19 February, the Chairman of the Commission introduced a
draft decision (E/CN.5/1998/L.4) entitled "Options for the future review and
appraisal of the implementation of the International Plan of Action on Ageing".
41. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February, the Commission adopted the draft decision (see
chap. I, sect. B, decision 36/101).
Documents considered in connection with the follow-up to the World Summit for Social
Development
42. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February, upon the proposal of the Chairman, the
Commission took note of the documents it had before it in connection with its
consideration of the follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development (see chap. I,
sect. B, decision 36/102).
Special presentations on the follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development
43. At the 1st, 5th and 9th meetings, on 10, 12 and 17 February, the Commission held
special presentations on the follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development.
44. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February, presentations were made by Mr. Yang Qingwei
(China), Mr. Reinaldo Ruiz (Chile), Mr. Ernst Sucharipa (Austria), Mr. K. J.
Hlkuama-Mupaine (Namibia) and Mrs. Marcela Maria Nicodemos (Brazil).
45. At the 5th meeting, on 12 February, presentations were made by Mr. Cielito Habito
(Philippines), Mr. Nazar Mohammad Shaikh (Pakistan) and Mr. Maged Abdelfattah (Egypt).
46. At the 9th meeting, on 17 February, a special presentation was made by Mr. Torben
Brylle (Denmark).
Panel discussions
Panel discussion I: "Participation and social justice"
47. At the 2nd meeting, on 10 February, the Commission held a panel discussion entitled
"Participation and social justice".
48. The Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs acted as Moderator. Dr.
Marju Lauristin (Estonia), Mr. Jaime Joseph (Peru), Dr. Hussein M. Adam (Somalia) and Dr.
Suchitra Punjararatabandhu (Thailand) made presentations.
49. Following their presentations, the panellists participated in an exchange of views
with the Commission.
Panel discussion II: "Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability"
50. At the 8th meeting, on 17 February, the Commission held a panel discussion entitled
"Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability". The Chairman of the
Commission, Mr. Aurelio Ferna'ndez (Spain), acted as Moderator. Dr. Vappu Taipale
(Finland), Dr. Meryl James-Sebro (Trinidad and Tobago), Dr. John D'Mello (India) and Dr.
Anna Maria de Frappola (Uruguay) made presentations.
51. Following their presentations, the panellists participated in an exchange of views
with the Commission.
Chairman's summaries of the panel discussions
52. At the 12th meeting, on 19 February, the Commission had before it a Chairman's
summary of the panel discussions.
53. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February 1998, upon the proposal of the Chairman, the
Commission decided to include in its report the Chairman's summary of the panel
discussions on "Participation and social justice" and "Enhancing social
protection and reducing vulnerability".
54. The Chairman's summaries of panel discussion I, entitled "Participation and
social justice", and panel discussion II, entitled "Enhancing social protection
and reducing vulnerability", are set out below:
Panel discussion I: Participation and social justice
The following issues raised by the panellists were subjects of consideration.
The importance of participation
Participation is an essential means to empower individuals and communities to identify
their priorities, and to ensure their control over resources and actions needed to achieve
their goals. This implies a framework of interaction among individuals, groups,
collectivities, the market and civil society that emphasizes partnership and shared
responsibility. Participation is not simply about access to resources or to government,
but about people's being an essential element in the processes of resource acquisition and
political power-sharing. It has social, economic, political and cultural aspects which are
interrelated, each affecting, and being affected by, the others.
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Some prerequisites of achieving participation
The prerequisites of successful participatory development would appear to be the
following: (a) democracy and freedom of speech, press and communications; (b)
decentralization of political and developmental decision-making to regional, local and
community levels. This includes a commitment by national Governments to stimulate
socio-economic development for all, as well as encourage transparency and accountability
at all levels; (c) a strong and shared commitment to participatory development by national
and local governments, including an explicit commitment to address the needs of vulnerable
groups, such as women and the elderly, as both recipients of development aid and
participants in the process; and (d) accountability and transparency at all levels of
government and institutions engaged in the development process.
The more vulnerable and weaker elements of society need to be fully included in all
phases of the development process. The articulation of their priority socio-economic needs
must govern the identification, formulation and implementation of development strategies,
plans and programmes aimed at poverty alleviation. The human resources of the local
community must be incorporated into the development process.
Grass-roots development
A local development strategy is needed to give priority to enhancing the economic
capacities of the local community to satisfy local needs. It is a model based on
maximizing production for utilization by the local people. A local development approach
links basic human needs to local capacities, creating employment not just as a source of
income, but as a meaningful enhancement of the quality of life of individuals and
communities.
In megacities, in both the developing and the developed countries, there are special
problems and potentialities for fighting poverty, promoting integral development,
empowering people and people's organizations, and enhancing local governments as agents
for development and for building participatory democracy. The promotion of local,
self-centred development is important within the context of the globalized market economic
model, since it is increasingly evident that this model is not resolving the basic human
problems of exclusion, the increasing poverty gap, inequality and the pervasiveness of
extreme poverty in both urban and rural areas. A local development strategy must give
priority to enhancing the economic capacities of local communities to satisfy local needs.
Local development strategies must include basic production, local markets, financial
institutions, and transportation, incentives and appropriate technology. These strategies
must focus not only on the microlevel, but on the meso-level as well.
Some of the principal obstacles to effective development are a loss of political will,
absence of access to information, and zero-sum strategies, which are more often
conflictive rather than synergistic. The effects of extensive and prolonged poverty on
local organizations and the leaders themselves must be taken into account.
Political democracy is a prerequisite of participatory development. This is
particularly important at the local level where production by the people for the people is
required. Some ways to increase democracy at the local level are: (a) giving priority to
production that is aligned with the needs of the community; (b) investing financial
resources in local development by providing incentives such as subsidies and tax
abatements; (c) training and placing planning tools in the hands of the local community;
and (d) working with all of the actors in an integrated fashion to develop the capacities
of the local population.
Inherent in the participatory development process are ethical and spiritual values
which give an important dimension beyond socio-economic and political factors. Social
justice implies a recognition and application of ethical and spiritual human values.
Justice systems and countering corruption
Governments play a critical role in fostering an environment conducive to full
participation. A guarantee of the rule of law and fair judicial systems, and an effective
approach to dealing with corruption, are two major challenges facing Governments. Unless
these two issues are tackled successfully, participation will not succeed in a meaningful
way. This further requires the creation of a fair and just legal environment, including an
independent judiciary with sufficient resources, as well as honest law enforcement
agencies that effectively carry out court decisions. Another goal should be the provision
of legal aid mechanisms, or pro bono work, by lawyers.
It is also important to introduce public interest or class action litigation, simplify
legal language and implement a system of ombudsmen.
Participation, while an important means to empower people, has been impeded greatly by
corruption. Corruption obstructs constitutional and legal participation since it creates
biases in the legal system and distorts the rule of law. It also reduces the impact of
positive measures for enhancing participation and social justice. Corruption undermines
the creation of transparent and accountable public institutions, hinders a just and
equitable delivery of public services, and disrupts economic efficiency. Different types
of corruption have exclusionary effects on sub-groups in the population.
Street-level and petty corruption acts as a barrier to participation, insofar as it
prevents access to services. It perpetuates social ills that promote social
disintegration.
"Kickback" corruption correlates with the inefficient use of public funds. It
violates the principles of distributive justice, and is contrary to the notion of
administrative and political accountability.
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Another variety of corruption concerns the sale of public offices. It renders merit
systems impossible, impairs administrative efficiency and ultimately leads to incompetent
administration. The effects of such corruption can be severely damaging in the longer run.
Corruption must be addressed through formulating and enforcing laws and policies,
allowing all groups access to participation. Measures to combat corruption may include the
provision of mechanisms to publicize corruption, ensuring that corruption is punished when
exposed, and making processes transparent and accountable.
Popular participation in the midst of social disintegration
There occasionally arise situations in which the authority of the central State
collapses as a result of internecine warfare. In this context, the State and civil society
are at war with each other, and the basic institutions of society such as the army,
police, prison system, ministries, schools, hospitals and so forth, cease to exist. The
situation in Somalia constitutes a contemporary case of State collapse.
The question arises as to the prospects for social development under conditions of
State collapse. In Somalia, the post-centralized State environment manifests the following
elements: (a) the desire for autonomy; power-sharing alternatives; (b) structures for
decentralization; (c) the enhanced role of women; (d) the role of an Islamic revival as
opposed to fundamentalism; (e) the critical role of newly freed markets; (f) isolation and
indigenous innovations and local adaptations; (g) the primacy of traditions in future
governance; (h) the emergence of a vibrant, if somewhat chaotic, press; and (i) linkages
to regional priorities and neighbourhoods.
In this situation, there is an important role for the United Nations and the
specialized agencies, as well as international and national non-governmental
organizations. In the absence of State authority, there is maximum scope for these
agencies to foster sound social development. This involves systematic decentralized
planning and action through community-based data collection and analysis, planning,
decision-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. There is ample opportunity for
decentralized grass-roots action that promotes social development by rebuilding water,
grazing, health, education, agriculture, marketing, income-generation and increased
employment.
Identity
Popular participation has not only economic, social and political dimensions, but
important cultural elements as well. Owing to the rapid increase of information and
communication flows in society, individual cultural identities are articulated at many
different levels. Individuals have multiple roles in modern society - father, son,
husband, worker, citizen and so forth. Given the multidimensional character of identity,
popular participation at all levels must be based on the possibility of free expression
and participation of the individual in respect of all levels of his/her identity. The
process of globalization and the new information age will bring about a multiplicity of
roles and relationships at various levels. The challenge is to provide free and
unrestricted access to information and opportunities to secure a truly integrated society.
Access to information and education
Rapid economic development and deep structural reforms in many countries have created
new social cleavages between counties and groups that are "info-rich" and those
that are "info-poor". Lack of access to information has affected people's
participation in political and economic decision-making, at both the national and
international levels. The emerging inequality in the access to new information technology
should be addressed in a concerted way. In this context, enhancing public information,
strengthening mechanisms of public accountability and providing civic education for the
population are urgently required. A new information system is needed to foster
democratization and social justice.
Governments should recognize the social, economic and political importance of new
information policies from the viewpoint of creating an information society as a
"society for all". Programmes that support the use of new information
technologies as tools for a dialogue between decision makers and all groups of the
population are needed. It will require computerization in schools, community computer
centres, the development of cable networks, and Internet links in poor and remote areas of
different societies. Disadvantaged and vulnerable segments of the population such as
children, youth, women, ethnic minorities and people living in poorer regions should be
trained and provided with opportunities in new technologies.
Universal education is a prerequisite of the full participation of all members of
society. This is particularly true in the new information age where the scale and volume
of information and communication needs are increasing exponentially. In order for modern
society to ensure the full and complete participation of all its members, it will be
necessary to develop curricula that pay special attention to imparting skills that will
enable all individuals to have free and equal access to the information highway.
Panel discussion II: Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability
The following issues raised by the panellists were subjects of consideration.
Vulnerability
Various definitions of "vulnerability" are possible, for instance, "a
high probability of exposure to different grades of risks and a reduced capacity for
protection from their negative results". Three types of vulnerability identified are:
ecological, structural, and that related to the social roles that individuals play in
society. Three dimensions of vulnerability are risk, mental state and impact.
The associated concept of risk implies susceptibility and a high probability that
certain biological, psychological and social factors will cause problems for a person,
making him or her vulnerable in different circumstances of life and leading to exclusion.
Linking the types of risks that a person or specific group faces in specific situations
and times of life demands complex strategies of prevention and protection with regard to
the systems of social support.
The impact of globalization and structural imbalances in international relations were
major concerns as well as ways and means of moving forward in international cooperation,
showing respect for socio-economic diversity, and allowing each culture to unfold and
control its encounter with change and development.
Structural vulnerability was seen by some as arising from power imbalances in economic,
cultural and political arenas which permit some areas of the world, and some social
groups, to develop at the expense of others. Such power imbalances undergird exploitation,
domination and dependency and find expression in macro-policies that have rendered two
thirds of the world vulnerable, particularly several groups: racial, ethnic and religious
minorities, women, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, refugees and displaced
people, legal and illegal immigrants and migrant workers, ethnic and religious minorities,
youth, among whom are squatters and street children, the urban and rural poor, and those
in the informal sector. These groups are at risk in any number of ways, including through
exposure to discrimination, war and ethnic hostilities, violence, crime, and illicit drug
and substance abuse.
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Women's struggles for standing could serve to illustrate broad developmental processes.
In the same way that institutional arrangements rob women of the capacity and resources to
promote and defend their own interests, those arrangements can rob nations of the ability
to promote and defend their interests.
Economic vulnerability: There was concern that large macro-processes - liberalization,
free market policies, structural adjustment - rendered people more vulnerable. The gap
between the rich and poor within and between countries was widening. Specific examples of
the negative impact of macro- policies on indigenous peoples and the poor include (a)
displacement without replacement of entire villages to make way for dams and so on; (b)
with the advent of big mechanized operations, unemployment in traditional industries,
sometimes forcing displaced workers, often women, into bonded labour in inhuman
conditions; (c) landlessness, as farms are consolidated and mechanized; and (d) tourism
creating in its wake a "five-star culture", in other words, a commercialized and
mercenary value system in place of village solidarity.
Cultural vulnerabilities are created when only one group's views and values are
portrayed, and consumed with little analysis and interaction by others. Multiple
insecurities, including in personal and cultural identities, and value confusion regarding
what is right and wrong, are generated. A pervasive "tele-reality" takes hold as
media messages increase and reference points (such as family and other social
institutions) weaken.
According to one view, global media messages are imprinting a capitalistic value frame
throughout the third world. This is happening subliminally, subtly, subconsciously. It is
spreading an ethos of consumerism, materialism, profit-seeking, a purely mercenary
approach to life, preoccupation with success at any cost, concern for self and disregard
for disparity, injustice and vulnerable groups. Through its messages, the first- world
media are preparing the ground for its economistic model of development.
It is co-opting the upper and middle classes, thereby creating a first world within the
third world. The integrated vision of social development shaped at the Copenhagen Summit
is being eroded.
Strategies to enhance social protection and reduce vulnerability
There was a need to exorcise "the demons in development", a too pervasive
assumption that indigenous cultures were incapable of development in their own way.
Development came too much from outside rather than through an unfolding of cultures. In a
"post-development" era, there was a need for more agency, empowerment and
indigenous constructive action to effect structural change and maximize social protection.
The definition of development as a gradual unfolding towards a full-grown stage is a
double-edged sword for both development scholars and practitioners, and those they seek to
"develop", in that it implies an unfolding of the so-called South from the dark
depths of a retrogressive tyranny of tradition, into the lightness, brightness and
whiteness of a modern, industrialized and technologically advanced North.
Development needed to be seen rather as a self-defined, self-determined process, which
gives people the opportunity to evaluate and assess their own problems and to create and
implement strategies from their own intimate knowledge and experiences. Rather than bemoan
supposed vulnerabilities, it was time to applaud the resilience and survival strategies of
groups that have had vulnerable positions imposed upon them. Rather than speak of
victimization, resignation and hopelessness - as implied by the term
"vulnerable" - it was time to speak of resistance, activism, agency,
self-determination and autonomy. This could shift the focus from merely trying to reduce
vulnerability to enhancing and enabling resistance to structural vulnerability.
Indigenous cultures had their own structural vulnerabilities, however, so that, while
respecting them, it was not useful to romanticize them. Development could best proceed by
a combination of indigenous efforts and external contributions, balancing tradition and
innovation. Multiculturalism was thought to be preferable to either cultural
fundamentalism resistant to change or rapid disruptive change coming from outside.
To escape their vulnerability, the poor also needed to get beyond the level of
micro-coping strategies to that of sustainable businesses that grew and could be left as
legacies to break the cycle of poverty and vulnerability in succeeding generations.
Major country initiatives creating an inclusive environment for disabled persons and a
"caring world" for older persons reflect a focus on developing human potential
so as to minimize vulnerabilities.
The issue of the need to support the "non-vulnerable" working-age population
in its efforts to support a rapidly expanding older population was raised.
Refining the development vision is a vital enterprise from which policies will flow.
Efforts to understand the root causes are more valuable in the long run than activities to
treat the symptoms.
The information revolution
The information revolution offers benefits as well as risks. Information is too
important to remain in the hands of the "technologically advanced but socially
unaware". The foremost challenge is to replace the current instrument-centred focus
with a content focus. A range of useful and meaningful as well as culturally diverse
information is needed.
Information technologies can overcome obstacles of distance, time and disability; they
can be used for lifelong learning, and to educate and inform regarding gender equality
thereby reducing vulnerabilities.
Making sectoral partnerships work
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Collaboration of government, the private sector and civil society was seen to be
crucial in reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing social protection. Reference was made to
"welfare clusters", inspired by the concept of industrial clusters, the latter
being fostered by ministries of trade and industry in various countries. Welfare clusters
could facilitate the interdependence of economic, research and service actors, while
permitting each to function with its own distinct aims and procedures.
The concept of "social capital", meaning the generation of confidence and
reliability in networks of social actors, was also mentioned. Social capital was seen as a
precursor and guarantor of good governance, and a precondition of economic life. The
emergence at the local level of the "social company" and the "social
firm" was noted.
The view was also expressed that collaboration of government, the private sector and
civil society was not always easy, as each entity had different objectives - to maintain
power, to make a profit, and to survive. Government and the private sector may easily
exclude civil society from vital decisions.
It was noted that there are different types of non-governmental organizations. Some
have been "co-opted" by foreign funding agencies or the State; some are purely
humanitarian in function; others operate like business consultancies or multinationals;
some proselytize or promote a fundamentalist framework. It was the community-based and
community-oriented organizations that could best assist the vulnerable. Through
organization, and alliance with other weak and poor groups, they could protect their
interests, lobby for government action and legislation and, by linking with women's,
ecological, human rights and workers' movements, become a countervailing centre of power.
The family was recognized as a basic unit in society and as an important institution in
which people receive their initial socialization and are protected at various vulnerable
periods in their lives. Families are under pressure in many instances. Strengthening the
family was an important part of support systems for inclusion and protection against
vulnerability.
Giving priority to global social policies
Globalism has been discussed from economic perspectives; more needs to be said about it
from the perspective of social policies, continuing to build on the work of the World
Summit for Social Development.
Existing paradigms of welfare policy and strategy are breaking down in the face of the
deconstruction of work and security. An emerging social political vacuum is being filled
by different international organizations and non-governmental organizations, each
introducing its own policies and values. The importance of social impact assessments was
stressed in this context.
The Commission for Social Development provides the only forum for a global discussion
solely on social policy. It could collaborate with the Commission on Sustainable
Development which has decided to address "consumption and production patterns and
poverty" in its five-year programme (1998-2002).
Global social policies, it was said, would be the best way to reduce vulnerability and
enhance social protection. However difficult it might be to gain consensus, global social
policies would need to address (a) redistribution (through development cooperation and so
forth); (b) regulation (matters of trade, information and so on); and (c) provision and
empowerment (where there is considerable regional/local expertise, and desire for
innovation).
Social policies could be guided by the integrative vision of social development
elaborated at the World Summit for Social Development and by human rights instruments.
They could reaffirm agreed principles such as the importance of families and other
institutions; self-determination, diversity, solidarity and multiculturalism; and the twin
approaches of "thinking globally, acting locally".
Dialogue with non-governmental organizations
55. At the 5th and 11th meetings, on 12 and 18 February, the Commission held dialogues
with non-governmental organizations.
56. At the 5th meeting, on 12 February, presentations were made by the following
non-governmental organizations: the American Association of Retired Persons; the
International Council on Social Welfare; the Zambia NGO Coordinating Committee; the
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; Pax Christi, International Catholic
Peace Movement; and the Instituto del Tercer Mundo (Third World Institute) (on the Social
Watch initiative).
57. At the same meeting, statements were made by the representatives of Jamaica, the
Dominican Republic, the Republic of Korea and the Netherlands.
58. Also at the 5th meeting, the Chairman made a statement.
59. At the 11th meeting, on 18 February, presentations were made by the following
non-governmental organizations: Rotary International, Caritas Internationalis, the
Norwegian Federation of Disabled Persons' Organizations, the International Council on
Social Welfare, and Environmental Development in the Third World.
60. At the same meeting, statements were made by the representatives of Jamaica, India,
the Philippines and Mexico.
61. Also at the 11th meeting, the Chairman made a statement.
62. At the same meeting, the Director of the Division for Social Policy and Development
of the Department of Economics and Social Affairs made a statement.
Notes
1/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1996, Supplement No. 9
(E/1996/29), chap. I, sect. C, resolution S-1996/1.
2/ Ibid., 1997, Supplement No. 6 (E/1997/26), chap. I, sect. C, resolution 35/2.

Chapter III. Provisional agenda for the 37th session of the
Commission
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1. At the 13th meeting, on 20 February 1998, the Commission considered item 4 of its
agenda. The Commission had before it a note by the Secretariat containing the draft
provisional agenda for the thirty-seventh session, together with a list of requested
documentation (E/CN.5/1998/L.3).
2. At the same meeting, statements were made by the representatives of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Netherlands.
3. Also at the 13th meeting, the Chairman orally amended the provisional agenda by
inserting the following wording under sub-item 3 (b):
"In accordance with earlier decisions of the Assembly, the Economic and Social
Council and the Commission, the Commission will consider, under item 3 (b) of the agenda
of its thirty-seventh session, issues pertaining to ageing, in particular the
International Year of Older Persons (1999).
"The Commission will also have before it the outcome of the Conference of
Ministers Responsible for Youth (Lisbon, 8-12 August 1998)."
4. At the same meeting, the Commission decided to approve the provisional agenda for
the thirty-seventh session of the Commission, as orally amended, together with the
requested documentation (see chap. I, sect. A, draft decision II).

Chapter IV. Adoption of the report of the Commission on its
36th session
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1. At the 14th meeting, on 20 February 1998, the Rapporteur introduced the draft report
of the Commission (E/CN.5/1998/L.7), which he orally corrected.
2. The Commission then adopted the report and entrusted the Rapporteur with its
completion.

Chapter V. Organization of the session
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A. Opening and duration of the session
1. The Commission for Social Development held its thirty-sixth session at United
Nations Headquarters in New York from 10 to 20 February 1998. The Commission held 14
meetings (1st to 14) and a number of informal meetings.
B. Attendance
2. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/7 of 22 July 1996,
the Commission is composed of 46 States Members of the United Nations, elected on the
principle of equitable geographical distribution.
3. The session was attended by 43 States members of the Commission. Observers for other
States Members of the United Nations and for non-member States and representatives of
specialized agencies and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also
attended. A list of participants is given in annex I to the present report.
C. Election of officers
4. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February 1998, the Commission elected Mr. Aurelio
Ferna'ndez (Spain) as Chairman by acclamation.
5. At the same meeting, the Commission elected the following officers:
Vice-Chairmen: Ms. Faith Innerarity (Jamaica) Ms. Maria Lourdes Ramiro Lopez
(Philippines) Ms. Joanna Wronecka (Poland) Mr. Mathe Diseko (South Africa)
6. At the 3rd meeting, on 11 February, the Commission elected Mr. Mathe Diseko (South
Africa) as Vice-Chairman-cum-Rapporteur by acclamation.
D. Agenda
7. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February 1998, the Commission adopted its provisional
agenda for the session (E/CN.5/1998/1 and Corr.1).
The agenda was as follows:
1. Election of officers.
2. Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters.
3. Follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development:
(a) Priority theme: "Promoting social integration and participation of all people,
including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and persons";
(b) Review of relevant United Nations plans and programmes of action pertaining to the
situation of social groups.
4. Provisional agenda for the thirty-seventh session of the Commission.
5. Adoption of the report of the Commission on its thirty-sixth session.
E. Organization of work
8. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February 1998, the Commission approved the organization of
work of the session (see E/CN.5/1998/L.1/Rev.1).
F. Opening statements
9. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February 1998, the Commission heard an opening statement
by the temporary Chairman, Mr. Ion Gorita (Romania).
10. At the same meeting, the Commission heard a statement by the Under-
Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.
G. Documentation
11. The documentation before the Commission at its thirty-sixth session are listed in
annex II to the present report.
H. Special presentations
12. At the 1st meeting, on 10 February 1998, the Commission held a special presentation
on the follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development. Presentations were made by
the following: Mr. Yang Qinqwei (China), Mr. Reinaldo Ruiz (Chile), Mr. Ernst Sucharipa
(Austria), Mr. K. J. Hlkuama- Mupaine (Namibia) and Mrs. Marcela Maria Nicodemos (Brazil).
13. At the 5th meeting, on 12 February, the Commission also held a special
presentation. Presentations were made by Mr. Cielito Habito (Philippines), Mr. Nazar
Mohammad Shaikh (Pakistan) and Mr. Maged Abdelfattah (Egypt).
14. At the 9th meeting, on 17 February, the Commission also held another special
presentation which was made by Mr. Torben Brylle (Denmark).
15. At the 10th meeting, on 18 February, the Commission heard a presentation by Mr.
Pino Arlacchi, Executive Director, United Nations International Drug Control Programme.
Panel discussions and dialogue
Panel discussion I. Participation and social justice
16. At the 2nd meeting, on 10 February, the Commission held panel discussion I. Mr.
Nitin Desai, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, acted as moderator.
17. The following panel members addressed the Commission:
Dr. Marju Lauristin, University of Tartu, Estonia;
Mr. Jaime Joseph, Centro Alternativa, Peru;
Dr. Hussein M. Adam, Holy Cross College, Massachusetts, United States of America;
Dr. Suchitra Punjararatabandhu, National Institute of Development Administration,
Thailand
18. Members of the Commission held a general exchange of views with the panel members.
Panel discussion II. Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability
19. At the 8th meeting, on 17 February, the Commission held panel discussion II. Mr.
Aurelio Ferna'ndez (Spain), Chairman of Commission, acted as moderator.
20. The following panel members addressed the Commission:
Dr. Vappu Taipale, Director-General, National Research and Development Centre for
Welfare and Health, Finland;
Dr. Meryl James-Sebro, Director, First Works International (a non-governmental
organization), Trinidad and Tobago;
Dr. John D'Mello, Profession of Sociology and Theology, St. Pius College, Bombay,
India;
Dr. Anna Maria de Frappola, Head, Inter-American Organization, Uruguay.
21. Members of the Commission held a general exchange of views with the panel members.
Non-governmental organizations dialogue segment
22. At the 5th meeting, on 12 February, the Commission held a non-governmental
organizations dialogue. The following made presentations:
American Association of Retired Persons;
International Council on Social Welfare;
Zambia NGO Coordinating Committee;
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions;
Pax Christi, International Catholic Peace Movement;
Instituto del Tercer Mundo (Third World Institute) (on the Social Watch initiative)
23. At the 11th meeting, on 18 February, the Commission held another non-governmental
organization dialogue segment. The following made presentations:
Rotary International;
Caritas Internationalis (International Confederation of Catholic Charities);
Norwegian Federation of Disabled Persons' Organizations;
International Council on Social Welfare;
Environmental Development in the Third World.
I. Consultations with non-governmental organizations
24. In accordance with rule 76 of the rules of procedure of the functional commissions
of the Economic and Social Council (E/5975/Rev.1), representatives of the following
non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Council made statements:
General consultative status
American Association of Retired Persons, Franciscans International, International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Council on Social Welfare, International
Federation on Ageing, International Movement ATD Fourth World, World Veterans Federation
Special consultative status
Foundation for the Rights of the Family (PRODEFA), International Federation of
Settlements and Neighbourhood Centres, Mani Tese '76, New Humanity, Pax Christi,
International Catholic Peace Movement, Rehabilitation International, Commission of the
Churches on International Affairs of the World Council of Churches, World Movement of
Mothers
Roster
Gray Panthers, Instituto del Tercer Mundo (Third World Institute) (on the Social Watch
initiative), International Right to Life Federation, Movement for a Better World
25. Written statements submitted by non-governmental organizations are listed in annex
II to the present report.
United Nations Document E/1998/26 E/CN.5/1998/7